I loko o ke kenekulia-lōʻihi craze o kalapona peak a me kalapona neutrality, 'āina a puni ka honua e hana ikaika ana i ka hanauna hou o ka ikehu ikehu, a me ka uliuli.amoniake lilo nei i mea nui o ka nānā honua i kēia mau lā. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hydrogen, hoʻonui ʻia ka ammonia mai ka māla mahiʻai maʻamau i ka māla ikehu ma muli o kāna mau pono kūpono i ka mālama ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Faria, he loea ma ke Kulanui o Twente ma Netherlands, me ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai kalapona, ʻo ka amonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha ke aliʻi o nā wahie wai.

No laila, he aha ke ʻano o ka amonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo? He aha kona kūlana hoʻomohala? He aha nā hiʻohiʻona noi? He waiwai anei?

ʻO ka amonia'ōmaʻomaʻo a me kona kūlana ulu

ʻO ka hydrogen ka mea maka nui noamoniahana ʻana. No laila, e like me ka hoʻokuʻu kalapona like ʻole i ke kaʻina hana hydrogen, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka amonia i loko o nā ʻāpana ʻehā ma ke kala:

Hinahinaamonia: Hana ʻia mai ka ikehu mōʻalihaʻi kahiko (ke kinoea maoli a me ka lanahu).

ʻO ka amonia polū: Lawe ʻia ka hydrogen makaʻala mai nā wahie mōʻalihaku, akā hoʻohana ʻia ke kalapona hopu a me ka ʻenehana mālama i ka hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe.

ʻAmoni ʻulaʻula-ʻōmaʻomaʻo: Hoʻopau ke kaʻina pyrolysis methane i ka methane i hydrogen a me carbon. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hydrogen i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma ke kaʻina hana i mea maka no ka hana ʻana i ka amonia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uila ʻōmaʻomaʻo.

ʻO ka amonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo: Hoʻohana ʻia ka uila ʻōmaʻomaʻo e ka ikehu hou e like me ka makani a me ka ikehu lā no ka electrolyze wai e hana i ka hydrogen, a laila hoʻohui ʻia ka amonia mai ka nitrogen a me ka hydrogen i ka lewa.

Ma muli o ka hoʻopuka ʻana o ka amonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka nitrogen a me ka wai ma hope o ka puhi ʻana, a ʻaʻole hoʻopuka i ka carbon dioxide, ua manaʻo ʻia ka amonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo he wahie "zero-carbon" a ʻo kekahi o nā kumu ikehu maʻemaʻe koʻikoʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

ʻO ka'ōmaʻomaʻo honuaamoniaaia ka mākeke i kona wā kamaliʻi. Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona honua, ʻo ka nui o ka mākeke ammonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma kahi o US $ 36 miliona ma 2021 a ke manaʻo ʻia e hōʻea i ka US $ 5.48 biliona ma 2030, me ka awelika o ka ulu ʻana o ka hui ʻana o 74.8%, he nui ka mana. Ua wānana ʻo Yundao Capital e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana ʻana o ka ammonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka makahiki 2030 a ʻoi aku ma mua o 560 miliona tons ma 2050, ʻoi aku ma mua o 80% o ka hana ammonia honua.

Ma Sepatemaba 2023, ʻoi aku ma mua o 60 mau papahana ammonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, me ka nui o ka mana hana i hoʻolālā ʻia ma mua o 35 miliona tons / makahiki. Hoʻolaha nui ʻia nā papahana ammonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma waho ma Australia, ʻAmelika Hema, ʻEulopa a me ka Middle East.

Mai ka makahiki 2024, ua ulu wikiwiki ka ʻoihana ammonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma Kina. Wahi a nā helu helu ʻole, mai ka makahiki 2024, ua hoʻolaha ʻia ma mua o 20 mau papahana hydrogen ammonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO Envision Technology Group, China Energy Construction, State Power Investment Corporation, State Energy Group, a me nā mea'ē aʻe ua hoʻokomo i kahi kokoke i 200 billion yuan i ka hoʻolahaʻana i nā papahana ammonia'ōmaʻomaʻo, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ai i ka nui o ka mana hana amonia'ōmaʻomaʻo i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Nā hiʻohiʻona noiʻi o ka amonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo

Ma ke ʻano he ikehu maʻemaʻe, loaʻa nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona noiʻi ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ma waho aʻe o ka mahiʻai kuʻuna a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea nui i ka hui ʻana i ka hana mana, ka wahie hoʻouna, ka hoʻoponopono kalapona, ka mālama hydrogen a me nā māla ʻē aʻe.

1. ʻOihana moku

ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka carbon dioxide mai ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka helu no 3% a i ka 4% o nā hoʻokuʻu kalapona kalapona honua. I ka makahiki 2018, ua hoʻoholo ka International Maritime Organization i kahi hoʻolālā mua no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke kinoea hoʻomehana honua, me ka manaʻo e hiki i ka 2030, e hoʻemi ʻia nā hoʻoiho kalapona o ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma ka liʻiliʻi he 40% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2008, a e hoʻoikaika e hoʻemi ʻia e 70% e 2050. no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hoʻemi kalapona a me ka decarbonization i ka ʻoihana moku, ʻo nā wahie maʻemaʻe e pani ana i ka ikehu fossil ʻo ia ka mea ʻoi loa o ka ʻenehana.

Manaʻo ʻia ma ka ʻoihana moku ʻo ka amonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo kekahi o nā wahie nui no ka decarbonization i ka ʻoihana moku i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Ua wānana ʻo Lloyd's Register of Shipping ma waena o 2030 a me 2050, e hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka ammonia e like me ka wahie hoʻouna mai 7% a i 20%, e hoʻololi ana i ke kinoea kūlohelohe liquefied a me nā wahie ʻē aʻe e lilo i wahie moku nui loa.

2. ʻOihana hana mana

AmoniaʻAʻole hoʻohua ʻia ka CO2 i ka puhi ahi, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ammonia i nā mea kanu mana i puhi ʻia i ka lanahu me ka ʻole o ka hoʻololi nui ʻana i ke kino paila. He hana kūpono ia no ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka carbon dioxide i nā mea hoʻomohala ahi.

Ma Iulai 15, ua hoʻopuka ka National Development and Reform Commission a me ka National Energy Administration i ka "Action Plan for Low-carbon Transformation and Construction of Coal Power (2024-2027)", i manaʻo ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ke kūkulu ʻana, pono e loaʻa i nā ʻāpana mana lanahu. ka hiki ke hoʻohui i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10% o ka amonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo a puhi i ka lanahu. Hoʻemi nui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ke kalapona. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hui ʻana i ka ammonia a i ʻole ka ammonia maʻemaʻe i loko o nā ʻāpana mana wela he alakaʻi ʻenehana koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kalapona ma ke kahua hana mana.

He mea hoʻolaha nui ʻo Iapana i ka hana mana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ammonia. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Iapana i ka "2021-2050 Japan Ammonia Fuel Roadmap" ma 2021, a e hoʻopau i ka hōʻike a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o 20% i hui ʻia i ka wahie ammonia i loko o nā mea kanu wela ma 2025; i ka wā e oʻo ai ka ʻenehana i hui pū ʻia me ka ammonia, e piʻi aʻe kēia ʻāpana ma mua o 50%; ma kahi o 2040, e kūkulu ʻia kahi hale mana amonia maʻemaʻe.

3. ʻO ka mea lawe mālama wai hydrogen

Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Ammonia ma ke ʻano he mea mālama hydrogen, a pono e hele i nā kaʻina hana o ka synthesis ammonia, liquefaction, ka lawe ʻana, a me ka unuhi hou ʻana o ke kinoea hydrogen. ʻO ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka amonia-hydrogen ua oʻo.

I kēia manawa, aia ʻeono mau ala nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka hydrogen a me ka lawe ʻana: kiʻekiʻe-pressure cylinder mālama a me ka lawe ʻana, pipeline gaseous pressurized transport, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa wai hydrogen mālama a me ka lawe ʻana, wai ka mālama ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana, ka mālama ʻana i ka amonia wai a me ka lawe ʻana, a me ka metala. paʻa hydrogen mālama a me ka lawe ʻana. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka ammonia wai a me ka lawe ʻana i ka hydrogen ma o ka synthesis ammonia, liquefaction, transport, a me regasification. Hoʻokahe ʻia ʻo Ammonia ma -33°C a i ʻole 1MPa. ʻO ke kumu kūʻai o ka hydrogenation/dehydrogenation ka mea i ʻoi aku ma mua o 85%. ʻAʻole paʻakikī ia i ka mamao o ka lawe ʻana a kūpono no ka mālama ʻana a me ka lōʻihi o ka mālama ʻana i ka hydrogen nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka halihali moana. ʻO ia kekahi o nā ala ʻoi loa o ka mālama ʻana i ka hydrogen a me ka lawe ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

4. Kemimi maka

Ma ke ʻano he mea momona ʻōmaʻomaʻo nitrogen a me ka mea maka nui no nā kemika ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻōmaʻomaʻoamoniae hoʻoikaika ikaika i ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o nā kaulahao ʻoihana "'ōmaʻomaʻo ammonia + ʻōmaʻomaʻo" a me nā kaulahao ʻoihana "'ōmaʻomaʻo ammonia chemical".

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ammonia synthetic i hana ʻia mai ka ikehu fossil, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole hiki i ka amonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke hana i ka hoʻokūkū kūpono ma ke ʻano he mea kemika ma mua o 2035.