I ka makahiki 2018, ua hōʻea ka mākeke kinoea uila honua no nā kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia i ka US $ 4.512 biliona, kahi hoʻonui makahiki o 16%. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana kinoea uila kūikawā no nā semiconductor a me ka nui o ka mākeke nui i hoʻolalelale i ka hoʻolālā hoʻololi kūloko o ke kinoea kūikawā uila!
He aha ke kinoea electron?
ʻO ke kinoea uila e pili ana i ke kumu kumu kumu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā semiconductor, nā hōʻike papa pālahalaha, nā diodes māmā, nā cell solar a me nā huahana uila ʻē aʻe, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, etching, kiʻiʻoniʻoni, doping a me nā hana ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā wahi noi nui o ke kinoea uila e pili ana i ka ʻoihana uila, nā cell solar, nā kamaʻilio kelepona, ka hoʻokele kaʻa a me nā ʻōnaehana leo kaʻa a me nā wikiō, aerospace, ʻoihana koa a me nā kula ʻē aʻe.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kinoea kūikawā uila i ʻehiku mau ʻāpana e like me kāna haku mele ponoʻī: silicon, arsenic, phosphorus, boron, metal hydride, halide a me metal alkoxide. Wahi a nā ʻano noi like ʻole i loko o nā kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ke kinoea doping, epitaxy gas, ion implantation gas, light-emitting diode gas, etching gas, chemical vapor deposition gas a me ke kinoea kaulike. Aia ma mua o 110 mau ʻāpana kinoea kūikawā i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana semiconductor, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 i hoʻohana mau ʻia.
ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻokaʻawale ka ʻoihana semiconductor i nā kinoea i ʻelua ʻano: nā kinoea maʻamau a me nā kinoea kūikawā. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo ke kinoea hoʻohana maʻamau e pili ana i kahi lako kikowaena a hoʻohana i ka nui o ke kinoea, e like me N2, H2, O2, Ar, He, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ka hoʻonui, ka ion injection, ka hui ʻana, ka holoi ʻana, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka mask, ʻo ia ka mea a mākou e kapa nei i kēia manawa i ke kinoea kūikawā uila, e like me ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe SiH4, PH3, AsH3, B2H6, N2O, NH3, SF6, NF3, CF4, BCl3, BF3, HCl, Cl2, etc.
Ma ke kaʻina hana holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻoihana semiconductor, mai ka ulu ʻana o ka chip a hiki i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka mīkini hope loa, aneane hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā loulou mai ke kinoea kūikawā uila, a me ke ʻano o ke kinoea i hoʻohana ʻia a me nā koi kiʻekiʻe, no laila he mau mea semiconductor ke kinoea uila. “ʻAi”.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā ʻāpana uila nui o Kina e like me nā semiconductors a me nā paneli hōʻike i ka mana hana hou, a aia ke koi ikaika no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea kemika uila. ʻO ke kūlana o nā kinoea uila i ka ʻoihana semiconductor ua lilo i mea kaulana. ʻO ka ʻoihana kinoea uila kūloko e hoʻomaka i ka ulu wikiwiki.
He kiʻekiʻe loa ka pono o ke kinoea kūikawā no ka maʻemaʻe, no ka mea, inā ʻaʻole i kūpono ka maʻemaʻe i nā koi, ʻo nā hui haumia e like me ka wai a me ka oxygen i loko o ke kinoea kūikawā uila e hana maʻalahi i ka oxide film ma ka ʻili o ka semiconductor. ke ola lawelawe o nā mea uila, a me ke kinoea kūikawā uila ʻO nā ʻāpana o nā haumia hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā kaʻa pōkole semiconductor a me ka pōʻino kaapuni. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia he mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka maʻemaʻe i ka hana a me ka hana ʻana o ka hana uila.
Me ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka ʻoihana semiconductor, hoʻomau ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ke kaʻina hana chip, a i kēia manawa ua hiki i 5nm, kahi kokoke i ka palena o ke kānāwai o Moore, ʻo ia ka mea e like me ka iwakāluakūmālua o ke anawaena o ka lauoho kanaka ( ma kahi o 0.1 mm). No laila, ke kau nei kēia i nā koi kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka maʻemaʻe o ke kinoea kūikawā uila i hana ʻia e nā semiconductors.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-15-2021
