I ka makahiki 2018, ua hōʻea ka mākeke kinoea uila honua no nā kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia i ka US$4.512 biliona, he piʻi makahiki-ma-makahiki o 16%. ʻO ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana kinoea kūikawā uila no nā semiconductors a me ka nui o ka mākeke ua hoʻolalelale i ka hoʻolālā pani kūloko o ke kinoea kūikawā uila!
He aha ke kinoea electron?
ʻO ke kinoea uila e pili ana i nā mea kumu kumu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā semiconductors, nā hōʻikeʻike panela pālahalaha, nā diode hoʻomālamalama, nā cell solar a me nā huahana uila ʻē aʻe, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ka etching, ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ka doping a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā wahi hoʻohana nui o ke kinoea uila e komo pū ana me ka ʻoihana uila, nā cell solar, nā kamaʻilio kelepona, ka hoʻokele kaʻa a me nā ʻōnaehana leo a me nā wikiō kaʻa, aerospace, ka ʻoihana koa a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe he nui.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kinoea kūikawā uila i ʻehiku mau māhele e like me kona ʻano kemika ponoʻī: silicon, arsenic, phosphorus, boron, metal hydride, halide a me metal alkoxide. Wahi a nā ʻano hana like ʻole i loko o nā kaapuni hoʻohui ʻia, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ke kinoea doping, ke kinoea epitaxy, ke kinoea implantation ion, ke kinoea diode light-emitting, ke kinoea etching, ke kinoea hoʻokaʻawale mahu kemika a me ke kinoea kaulike. Aia ma mua o 110 mau kinoea kūikawā i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana semiconductor, ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 o ia mau mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia.
Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻokaʻawale ka ʻoihana hana semiconductor i nā kinoea i ʻelua ʻano: nā kinoea maʻamau a me nā kinoea kūikawā. I waena o lākou, ʻo ke kinoea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e pili ana i kahi lako kikowaena a hoʻohana i ka nui o ke kinoea, e like me N2, H2, O2, Ar, He, a pēlā aku. ʻO ke kinoea kūikawā e pili ana i kekahi mau kinoea kemika i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina hana o ka hana semiconductor, e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana, ka hoʻokomo ʻana ion, ka hoʻohuihui ʻana, ka holoi ʻana, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka mask, ʻo ia ka mea a mākou e kapa nei he kinoea kūikawā uila, e like me SiH4, PH3, AsH3, B2H6, N2O, NH3, SF6, NF3, CF4, BCl3, BF3, HCl, Cl2, a pēlā aku.
Ma ke kaʻina hana holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻoihana semiconductor, mai ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻāpana a hiki i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka hāmeʻa hope loa, aneane kēlā me kēia loulou e hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ke kinoea kūikawā uila, a me ke ʻano o ke kinoea i hoʻohana ʻia a me nā koi kiʻekiʻe, no laila he mau mea semiconductor ke kinoea uila. "Meaʻai".
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hiki ke hana hou i nā ʻāpana uila nui o Kina e like me nā semiconductors a me nā panela hōʻike, a aia kahi koi ikaika no ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kemika uila mai ka lawe ʻana mai. Ua lilo ke kūlana o nā kinoea uila i ka ʻoihana semiconductor i mea koʻikoʻi. E hoʻolauna ka ʻoihana kinoea uila kūloko i ka ulu wikiwiki.
He kiʻekiʻe loa nā koi o ke kinoea kūikawā uila no ka maʻemaʻe, no ka mea, inā ʻaʻole i kūlike ka maʻemaʻe me nā koi, e hana maʻalahi nā hui haumia e like me ka mahu wai a me ka oxygen i loko o ke kinoea kūikawā uila i ka ʻili oxide ma luna o ka semiconductor, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ke ola lawelawe o nā mea uila, a aia i loko o ke kinoea kūikawā uila nā ʻāpana haumia hiki ke hana i nā kaapuni pōkole semiconductor a me ka hōʻino ʻana i ke kaapuni. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia he mea nui ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maʻemaʻe i ka hopena a me ka hana o ka hana ʻana o nā mea uila.
Me ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana o ka ʻoihana semiconductor, ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ke kaʻina hana ʻāpana, a i kēia manawa ua hiki i ka 5nm, kahi e kokoke ana e hoʻokokoke i ka palena o ke Kānāwai Moore, ʻo ia hoʻi ka iwakālua o ke anawaena o ka lauoho kanaka (ma kahi o 0.1 mm). No laila, ke kau nei kēia i nā koi kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma ka maʻemaʻe o ke kinoea kūikawā uila i hana ʻia e nā semiconductors.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-15-2021
