Aia kekahi mau hōkūhele ʻē aʻe nona nā wahi e like me ko kākou? Mahalo i ka holomua o ka ʻenehana astronomical, ua ʻike mākou i kēia manawa he mau tausani o nā hōkūhele e kaapuni ana i nā hōkū mamao. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou ua loaʻa i kekahi mau exoplanets ma ke ao holoʻokoʻaheliumnā lewa momona. ʻO ke kumu o ka nui like ʻole o nā hōkūhele ma ka ʻōnaehana lā e pili ana i kaheliumʻike. Hiki i kēia ʻike ke hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike i ka ulu ʻana o ka honua.

Mea pohihihi e pili ana i ka ʻokoʻa nui o nā hōkūhele extrasolar

ʻAʻole a hiki i ka makahiki 1992 i ʻike ʻia ai ka exoplanet mua. ʻO ke kumu i lōʻihi ai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hōkūhele ma waho o ka ʻōnaehana lā, ua ālai ʻia lākou e ka mālamalama o nā hōkū. No laila, ua hana nā mea kilo hōkū i kahi ala akamai e loaʻa ai nā exoplanets. Nānā ia i ka pouli o ka laina manawa ma mua o ka hala ʻana o ka hōkūhele i kona hōkū. Ma kēia ʻano, ua ʻike mākou i kēia manawa he mea maʻamau nā hōkūhele ma waho o kā mākou ʻōnaehana lā. Ma ka liʻiliʻi o ka hapalua o ka lā e like me nā hōkū he hoʻokahi ka nui o ka hōkūhele mai ka Honua a i Neptune. Manaʻo ʻia he mau lewa "hydrogen" a me "helium" kēia mau hōkūhele, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ke kinoea a me ka lepo a puni nā hōkū i ka wā hānau.

Akā, he mea kupanaha, ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā exoplanets ma waena o nā hui ʻelua. ʻO kekahi ma kahi o 1.5 manawa ka nui o ka honua, a ʻo kekahi ʻoi aku ma mua o ka pālua o ka nui o ka honua. A no kekahi kumu, ʻaʻohe mea ma waena. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻokoʻa amplitude ʻo "radius valley". Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia mea pohihihi e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o kēia mau hōkūhele.

ʻO ka pilina ma waenaheliuma me ka ʻokoʻa nui o nā hōkūhele extrasolar

ʻO kekahi kuhiakau, ʻo ia ka ʻokoʻa o ka nui (awāwa) o nā hōkūhele ma waho o ka lā e pili ana i ka lewa o ka honua. He mau wahi ʻino loa nā hōkū, kahi e hoʻopōʻino mau ʻia ai nā hōkūhele e nā kukuna X a me nā kukuna ultraviolet. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ua hoʻopau kēia i ka lewa, e waiho ana i kahi kumu pōhaku liʻiliʻi. No laila, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Isaac Muskie, he haumāna kauka ma ke Kulanui o Michigan, a me Leslie Rogers, he astrophysicist ma ke Kulanui o Chicago, e aʻo i ka hanana o ka wehe ʻana o ka lewa o ka honua, i kapa ʻia ʻo "atmospheric dissipation".

No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hopena o ka wela a me ka radiation ma ka lewa o ka Honua, ua hoʻohana lākou i ka ʻikepili honua a me nā kānāwai kino e hana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike a holo i 70000 mau simulations. Ua ʻike lākou, he mau piliona mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā honua, e nalowale ka hydrogen me ka nui atomika liʻiliʻi ma mua oheliumʻOi aku ma mua o 40% o ka nui o ka lewa o ka Honua i haku ʻia paha mehelium.

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā hōkūhele he hōʻailona ia i ka ʻike ʻana i ke ola extraterrestrial

No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hopena o ka wela a me ka radiation ma ka lewa o ka Honua, ua hoʻohana lākou i ka ʻikepili honua a me nā kānāwai kino e hana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike a holo i 70000 mau simulations. Ua ʻike lākou, he mau piliona mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā honua, e nalowale ka hydrogen me ka nui atomika liʻiliʻi ma mua oheliumʻOi aku ma mua o 40% o ka nui o ka lewa o ka Honua i haku ʻia paha mehelium.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, nā hōkūhele e loaʻa mau ana ka hydrogen a meheliumhe mau lewa e hoʻonui ana. No laila, inā mau ka lewa, manaʻo ka poʻe he hui nui ia o nā hōkūhele. Hiki i kēia mau hōkūhele āpau ke wela, hōʻike ʻia i ka radiation ikaika, a loaʻa kahi lewa kiʻekiʻe. No laila, ʻaʻole paha ka ʻike ʻana i ke ola. Akā, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hōkūhele e hiki ai iā mākou ke wānana pololei i nā hōkūhele e ola nei a me ko lākou ʻano. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e ʻimi i nā exoplanets e hoʻohua nei i ke ola.